@imagebeastmarkbeast No worries! I went through the paper and found the sections for
GSD and
Goldens (sorry, no highlights for goldens since the page cutoff got in the way).
Essentially, they found the rate of joint disorders and cancers in both males and females of each breed by looking at how many intact animals are affected. Then this rate was compared against the rate of joint disorders and cancers in animals that were neutered before 6 months, from 6-11 months, etc. And from this comparison, they found an increased risk of joint disorders if these animals are neutered before 2 years old for male and female GSD. For cancer risks, they found no increase in cancer risks regardless of neutering age.
For male Goldens, the same trend is seen if neutered before 1 year of age. For females, there is also an increased risk of joint disorders if neutered before 1 year of age. However, like you said, there IS an increased risk of cancers regardless of neutering age compared to the intact females, so the paper suggests to leave the female intact or neuter after 1 year of age and continue monitoring for cancer. But this is only the case for female Goldens and not for male Goldens or male/female GSDs.