@psaltichrysostom Two of the four "quadrants of training." I'm really not good at explaining this concept but I'll try - those who know better than me, feel free to correct me.
In this context positive and negative don't mean good vs bad, they mean adding something to the situation vs taking something away. Reinforcement is used to reward a behavior & incentivize the dog to make the same choice again in the future. Punishment is the opposite - used to de-incentivize a behavior, discouraging a dog from making that choice again.
+R = Positive Reinforcement = giving your dog something that makes them feel good, ie praise, affection, treats, as a reward for doing as asked/as expected
-R = Negative Reinforcement = utilizing pressure, which is then removed when the dog does as asked. for example, tugging upwards on their leash/collar to enforce a sit - once the dog sits, you stop tugging/the pressure goes away.
+P = Positive Punishment = introducing an unpleasant stimulus as a consequence to a poor choice. stimming a dog on an ecollar for inappropriate barking, agitating or popping a prong collar in response to pulling, or even clapping and shouting to scold a dog.
-P = Negative Punishment = taking away something pleasant as a consequence for not doing as asked. ie not letting them have a treat due to them not following a command, or closing a door/not letting them out because they tried to burst through it without a release.
This article explains it a little better.
https://www.wshs-dg.org/resource-ce...e-trainer/414-science-and-art-of-dog-training