@lorrainekat Pretty much anything you might instinctively react to with P+ can be reframed with the following mindset: instead of trying to reduce the frequency of the undesired behavior by making it unpleasant (P+) remove the reward for the unwanted behavior and capture or teach an incompatible behavior (R+).
Here's a version of that mindset for each of your examples. I don't go into huge detail each time, but there are plenty of resources out there (some of them written by me, lol) on how to do each of these things with R+ (and typically a dash of P-).
Dog jumps up on furniture we don't want it to?
Teach the dog "off" with R+. Set clear criteria to make it easy for the dog to learn the difference between when you do and don't want him on the furniture. Immediately ask the dog for "off" every time he violates the criteria. For example, if the rule you want is the dog has to be invited, tell him "off" every single time he comes up uninvited. Or if the rule is he can come up but not put his head on your laptop keyboard, he has to go "off" every time he does that.
Dog pulls strongly at the end of the leash when seeing other dogs/people from a distance outside (I am trying to avoid the use of a prong/pinch collar)?
Teach the dog how you want him to walk instead of telling him he's doing it wrong. Show him there's a loose leash zone by your hip where he gets treats and other rewards if he volunteers to walk there. Use P- to show him that pulling is ineffective. If he pulls (ideally right before he even gets to the end of the leash), change direction. Never follow a pulling dog towards what he wants or you will show him that pulling works. Look for opportunities to walk towards what he wants while he's behaving nicely, and immediately walk away from it (or make a perpendicular turn) just as he starts to pull.
Dog starts chewing on a non-toy object like a remote control?
Teach the dog "leave it" with R+. Use it every time he puts his mouth on an non-toy object. Add extra rewards when the dog chooses an appropriate object for chewing.
Dog is begging for table food?
Teach him what you want him to do at mealtimes instead of telling him what not to do. Teach the dog where to sit and what behaviors to engage in when people eat. For example, put a mat someplace you wouldn't mind your dog lying down when you're eating. Teach him "go to your mat" with R+, and then use it when you eat. Capture any non-staring behaviors and reward them.
Dog jumps up on people who come over to visit?
Teach him what you want instead of a jump rather than telling him not to jump. Use +R to create an alternative behavior, like "go to your mat" or even "sit." Use -P when jumps actually happen by training with "guests" who go silent, still, and turn away in response to jumping. If you can't train the guest in advance, use a leash during greetings (in the short term) and step on it with just enough slack so the dog can volunteer a sit, but not enough that he can start a jump.
Dog is whining outside of a door or inside of his crate?
Capture any silence you get, increasing the requirement of duration of silence to trigger a reward. Teach "hush" as a cue with +R.
